Oxford University Press, New York, Oxford. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Davidse, G. & al. In hand harvesting, the field is first set on fire. [40] Successive harvests give decreasing yields, eventually justifying replanting. Andaman Is., The fire burns up dry leaves, and chases away or kills venomous snakes, without harming the stalks and roots. Flowering Plants of Seychelles: 1-327. An important new book from PFAF. Central African Repu, State of the Worlds Plants 2017. [54], Traditionally, sugarcane processing requires two stages. In colonial times, sugar formed one side of the triangle trade of New World raw materials, along with European manufactured goods, and African slaves. Easter Is., Benin, Cyprus, [66] Increased erosion can lead to the removal of organic and nutrient-rich material, which can decrease future crop yields. 1753. spontaneum. Brief Description of Saccharum officinarum. Flora of New Zealand, ed. epublication. In a country with a mechanical agriculture looking for a high production of large fields, as in North America, sugarcanes are replanted after two or three harvests to avoid a lowering yields. 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Castro, C. (Proveedor de metadatos), Bernal, Y. Boulos, L. (2005). Introduction of the sweeter S. officinarum may have gradually replaced it throughout its cultivated range in maritime Southeast Asia. Plant the cutting deep into the ground, making sure no more than 2 inches of the stem is visible above the soil. Samoa, Conservation of indigenous plants to support community livelihoods: the MGUUseful Plants Project. Die Farn- und Bltenpflanzen Madeiras: 1-792. (Autor), Garca, N. (Autor). GrassBase - The Online World Grass Flora. About 70% of the sugar produced worldwide comes from S.officinarum and hybrids using this species. We will not sell or share your email address. & al. This datasheet on Saccharum officinarum covers Identity, Overview, Associated Diseases, Pests or Pathogens, Distribution, Biology & Ecology, Uses, Management, Genetics and Breeding, Economics, Further Information. Mexico Northwest, (eds.) The major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. Flora de Guerrero 75: 1-153. Lebanon-Syria, The leaves are green, alternate, linear, and elongated with internodes, thick midribs, and saw-toothed edges. [7], The term "sugarcane" is a combination of two words; sugar and cane. By 1540, there were 800 cane sugar mills in Santa Catarina Island and another 2,000 on the north coast of Brazil, Demarara, and Suriname. [14][15], The earliest known production of crystalline sugar began in northern India. Masamune, G. (1942). Robyns, W. (1929). [66], Sugarcane processing produces a wide variety of pollutants, including heavy metals and bagasse, which can be released into the environment through wastewater discharge. [67], A wide variety of mitigation efforts can be implemented to reduce the impacts of sugarcane cultivation. Bases Documentales para la Flora de Guinea Ecuatorial; Plantas vascularis y hongos: 1-414. Dassanayake (ed.) Please note that a plant may be invasive in one area but may not in your area so its worth checking. Flora de Nicaragua. suc. If your sugar cane is thriving and vigorously shooting up, the grass can begin to sprawl and lose its upright, clump-forming habit. It grows to 15-20' tall in tropical/semi-tropical areas, but to 5-8' tall as an annual in cool climates. W.Lechler, Berberid. A special thanks to Ken Fern for some of the information used on this page. * Important announcements and news Native Range: Tropical southeastern Asia, Polynesia. http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0, ColPlantA 2021. (eds. Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History). 2567 registros, aportados por: Castellanos, C. (Contacto del recurso), Valderrama, N. (Creador del recurso, Autor), Bernal, Y. Countries where the plant has been found are listed here if the information is available. Bagasse is usually burned to produce steam, which in turn creates electricity. Edgar, E & Connor, H.E. World Grass Species - Synonymy database The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Stirp. As sugar was traded and spread West, this became (sukkar) in Arabic, zcchero in Italian, zuccarum in Latin, and eventually sucre in both Middle French and Middle English. Librairie des sciences naturelles Paul Klincksieck, Paris. Alabama, [76] Electrical generation from bagasse could become quite important, particularly to the rural populations of sugarcane producing nations. Borneo, times. Commercial production of sugar and molasses plus biofuels (ethanol and biodiesel). Well-grown plants can become invasive[200 ]. Al Hadara Publishing, Cairo. Lista de Espcies da Flora do Brasil http://floradobrasil.jbrj.gov.br/2010/. Many enthusiasts mix a fertile compost and lime into the soil. With a sterilized gardening cutting tool, take a 4- to 6-inch piece of a healthy stem that has at least two internodes in the upper part of the stem. Turkey, Bosser, J. Genus: Saccharum Species: officinarum Species Author: L. Vernacular: Ko, Sugar Cane; 'Black Sugar Cane' Synonyms: Saccharum barberi Jesw. Follow the directions on the seed packet and you should see germination in two weeks. Texas, (1968). Bras. It is a perennial or rhizomatous geophyte and grows primarily in the seasonally dry tropical biome. Saccharum includes the sugarcanes. If you plant sugar cane as a perennial, you can overwinter the plants for protection. We rely on donations from our users to keep maintaining and extending our free-to-use database of over 8000 edible and useful plants. Flore Analytique du Bnin: 1-1034. [77][78] As sugarcane is a seasonal crop, shortly after harvest the supply of bagasse would peak, requiring power generation plants to strategically manage the storage of bagasse. Soul T'ukpyolsi: Ak'ademi Sojok. The stalk or culm consists of alternating nodes and internodes. Here are the defining characteristics of each type of sugar cane: To obtain heirloom varieties of sugar cane, you can seek out hobbyists or farmers who preserve and sell old-fashioned sugar canes. A manual of the grasses of New Guinea: 1-215. Propagate by division or rooting stem sections. Brazil Southeast, Med. If you don't live in a region that receives a lot of rainfall, it will need a decent amount of additional irrigation. Brazil Northeast, More >>>. Flora du Rwanda 4: I-X, 1-651. This decline is offset because a modern chopper harvester can complete the harvest faster and more efficiently than hand cutting and loading. The grass is harvested commercially for many uses, including making sugar and molasses, but it also makes an excellent privacy screen, border, accent, or focal point in a home garden. Vegetation and flora of Nui Atoll, Tuvalu. The stems contains a very sweet sap which can be consumed as a drink, made into syrups, or dried to make sugar and molasses among others. (2020). Verlag und Versandbuchhandlung Andreas Kleinsteuber. Average cane production is, therefore, 58 tons of b&c per hectare per year. Please give what you can to help us complete this work. It is an alternative to gasoline, and may become the primary product of sugarcane processing, rather than sugar. Each ton of b&c yields 740 kg of juice (135 kg of sucrose and 605 kg of water) and 260 kg of moist bagasse (130 kg of dry bagasse). Guinea-Bissau, [2] All sugarcane species can interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. Pacific Plant Studies 43: 1-34. Kress, W.J., DeFilipps, R.A., Farr, E. & Kyi, D.Y.Y. [48], Some sugarcane varieties are capable of fixing atmospheric nitrogen in association with the bacterium Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus. First published in Sp. Barbara Gillette is a Master Gardener, herbalist, beekeeper, and journalist. Always seek advice from a professional before using a plant medicinally.UrinaryThe leaf ash is used to treat sore eyes[311 ]. It usually takes about two weeks for shoots to start appearing on the nodes and roots to begin forming. Saccharum officinarum generally contains fewer support roots than does S. spontaneum (Moore 1987a), which could explain the increased vigor and resistance to environmental stresses characteristic of S. spontaneum. Here are steps to take a cutting: Growing sugar cane from seeds is possible, but not typically the preferred choice for best results. CONABIO, Mxico city. Saccharum officinarum L. sugarcane. Both forms of molasses are used in baking. Acta Biolgica Colombiana, 11(2), 137-146. Madagascar, Botany 4: 325-411. Cooperative Extension prohibits discrimination and harassment on the basis of race, color, national origin, age, sex (including pregnancy), disability, religion, sexual orientation, gender identity, and veteran status. The sweet juice in the stem is used to treat snakebite and wounds from poison arrows[348 ]. Kandwal, M.K. Aedo, C., Tellera, M.T. Congo, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0, Copyright 2022 International Plant Names Index and World Checklist of Vascular Plants. (eds.) Although sugar cane is a vegetative crop that does well with larger quantities of nitrogen, be careful not to go too high because this may weaken the plant's stems. Institut d' Elevage et de Mdecine Vtrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort. New Caledonia, Uso tradicional de plantas medicinales en la vereda San Isidro, municipio de San Jos de Pare-Boyac: Un estudio preliminar usando tcnicas cuantitativas. Boissiera 58: 1-401. The cane beetle (also known as cane grub) can substantially reduce crop yield by eating roots; it can be controlled with imidacloprid (Confidor) or chlorpyrifos (Lorsban). Estudio florstico de la agrobiodiversidad del municipio de Garagoa (Valle de Tenza, Boyac, Colombia). A number of countries, in particular those lacking fossil fuels, have implemented energy conservation and efficiency measures to minimize the energy used in cane processing, and export any excess electricity to the grid. Saccharum officinarum. Monographs in Systematic Botany from the Missouri Botanical Garden 75: i-viii, 1-1181. Biotypes with smaller chromosome numbers are typically distributed in north India, whilst those with higher ploidy levels are distributed in eastern India and further south in Indonesia. Mauritius, Fibras vegetales utilizadas en artesanas en Colombia. Catasus Guerra, L. 1997. Poaceae. The stems vary in colour, being green, pinkish, or purple and can reach 5 metres (16 feet) in height. and Williamson, H. (2006 onwards). Leaf decoction, on the other hand, is used in the treatment of urinary conditions. Balick, M.J., Nee, M.H. S. officinarum exhibits a high weight per cane, high sugar content, low fiber, and high purity of juice. [11][12], The two centers of domestication for sugarcane are one for Saccharum officinarum by Papuans in New Guinea and another for Saccharum sinense by Austronesians in Taiwan and southern China. The sugar solution is clarified by the addition of phosphoric acid and calcium hydroxide, which combine to precipitate calcium phosphate. Scripta Botanica Belgica 41: 1-517. All sugarcane species interbreed and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. They have stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are generally rich in sugar, and measure two to six m (6 to 19ft) tall. (1940). In more technologically advanced countries, such as the United States and Australia, billet planting is common. Institut d' Elevage et de Mdecine Vtrinaire des Pays Tropicaux, Maisons Alfort. Sugarcane crop is able to efficiently fix solar energy, yielding some 55 tonnes of dry matter per hectare of land annually. Report. [59] Some remaining color-forming impurities are adsorbed by the carbon. With a total world harvest of over one billion tonnes of sugar cane per year, the global energy potential from bagasse is over 100,000 GWh. (1969). Linares, E.L., Galeano, G., Garca, N. & Figueroa, Y. Production of biodiesel from sugar cane is expected in the near future.Genus name comes from the Greek word sakcharon meaning the sweet juice of sugarcane which came from an Asiatic word, seemingly the Malay singkara.Specific epithet means of shops, generally apothecaries. It can be used as a sweet, refreshing drink, though it is more commonly concentrated to make syrups or dried to make sugar, molasses etc[46 ]. Walker, E.H. (1976). Of further note is the fact that sugar cane is also now being commercially grown in some areas (particularly in Brazil since the mid 1070s) for production of ethanol (extracted sugars are fermented). Fosberg, F.R. [63][64], From 2008 to 2016, production of standards-compliant sugarcane experienced a compound annual growth rate of about 52%, while conventional sugarcane increased at less than 1%. Saccharum officinarum Taxonomy ID: 4547 (for references in articles please use NCBI:txid4547) current name. Flora of Bhutan 3(2): 457-883. Our new book to be released soon is Edible Shrubs. (1980). (1996). Christopher Columbus first brought sugarcane to the Caribbean (and the New World) during his second voyage to the Americas, initially to the island of Hispaniola (modern day Haiti and the Dominican Republic). Gramies des pasturages et des cultures a Madagascar: 1-440. If you have important information about this plant that may help other users please add a comment or link below. Current technologies, such as those in use in Mauritius, produce over 100 kWh of electricity per tonne of bagasse. Crown Agents for the Colonies, London. There are three types of sugar cane. Royal Botanic Gardens, Edinburgh. & Huber, O. form a strategic partnership called N.C. Jones, M. (1991). Sugarcane plantations and Asian ethnic groups continue to thrive in countries such as Fiji, South Africa, Myanmar, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Indonesia, the Philippines, Guyana, Jamaica, Trinidad, Martinique, French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Grenada, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, St. Kitts, St. Croix, Suriname, Nevis, and Mauritius. The stem juice is used to treat sore throats[311 ]. Stay informed about PFAFs progress, challenges and hopes by signing up for our free email ePost. (1985). (2000). West Indian planters, therefore, needed new workers, and they found cheap labour in China and India. Plantas alimenticias y medicinales nativas de Colombia. This all occurs during the process of cutting the sugarcane manually, also causing physical ailments by doing the same movements for hours every work day. If this happens, it is usually best to cut the plant back and remove dead, withered foliage for a tidier appearance. C.F.P.von Martius & auct. Billets (stalks or stalk sections) harvested by a mechanical harvester are planted by a machine that opens and recloses the ground. (2021). (2008). Then you can transplant the seedlings to the ground or pot. The former ultimately derives from Sanskrit (rkar) as the crop originated in Southeast Asia. Tibet, ft. of growing area of any plant in the world and is the source of 70% of the sugar in the world. You will receive a range of benefits including: [30][32], Between 1863 and 1900, merchants and plantation owners in Queensland and New South Wales (now part of the Commonwealth of Australia) brought between 55,000 and 62,500 people from the South Pacific Islands to work on sugarcane plantations. Candollea 77: 105-118. The genera, Last edited on 17 February 2023, at 07:27, Domesticated plants and animals of Austronesia, Linnaeus, Carl von. Niue, L. Synonyms; Erianthus Michx. (1999). The first sugar harvest happened in Hispaniola in 1501; many sugar mills were constructed in Cuba and Jamaica by the 1520s. Saccharum barberi was only cultivated in India after the introduction of S. These two stages are slowly merging. II. Rep. Harvard Bot. Florae Indicae Enumeratio: Monocotyledonae: 1-435. Sugar refining further purifies the raw sugar. It is one of the plants with the highest bioconversion efficiency. Catalogue des Plantes Vasculaires du Tchad Mridional: 1-289. Artesanas de Colombia S.A. , Instituto de Ciencias Naturales-Universidad Nacional de Colombia. The foliage colors vary depending on the cultivar, but the grass tends to be large and richly green with very sharp edges that require care when handling. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Smithsonian Contributions to Botany 98: 1-1192. However, it's typical to grow chewing or syrup varieties in a residential garden. Scripta Botanica Belgica 2: 1-153. This plant will provide nectar and pollen for bees and the many other types of pollinating insects. Hand harvesting accounts for more than half of production, and is dominant in the developing world. Book titles include Edible Plants, Edible Perennials, Edible Trees, and Woodland Gardening. Carbon FarmingFood ForestNitrogen Fixer. sept. 2005: 1-158. If you have questions about a plant please use the Forum on this website as we do not have the resources to answer questions ourselves. & Mosnier, M. (1972). Sugarcane cultivation ceased in Hawaii when the last operating sugar plantation in the state shut down in 2016. Tanzania, Vigosa-Mercado, J.L. Comoros, Nature Sustainability 2:736-741. Species plants have little ornamental value. [5], The genus is widespread across tropical, subtropical, and warm temperate regions in Africa, Eurasia, Australia, the Americas, and assorted oceanic islands. The earliest evidence of sugar production comes from ancient Sanskrit and Pali texts. Saccharum officinarum, known as sugar cane, is a large tufted perennial grass that is probably native to Southeast Asia. Modern sugarcane cultivars are derived essentially from interspecific hybridisations involving different Saccharum species (Simmonds, 1976; Daniels and Roach, 1987 ). (1994). Continental: Australasia . Vanuatu, Laos, [8] This term was introduced by Sephardic Jews in the 17th century in the French West Indies (Guadeloupe and Martinique), who spoke Judeo-Spanish and owned sugar plantations worked by enslaved Africans, who produced sugarcane crops, until they were expelled by Louis XIV in 1685 as part of the Code Noir.
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