Taking advantage, threat actors are acutely aware of how reliant organizations are on this means of identification. Unify detection and response across your security stack. How much sensitive data do you have on the network that is locked down? Is it locked down to a user with Domain Admin credentials? The Kerberos authentication protocol (common in Windows Active Directory environments) acts like a checkpoint and issues tickets that vouch for the identity of the user. This analytic will require tuning, we recommend filtering Account_Name to Domain Controllers for your environment. Obtaining the KRBTGT password hash is the hardest part of the attack because it requires gaining privileged access to a domain controller. The detection calculates the standard deviation for each host and leverages the 3-sigma statistical rule to identify an unusual number of service ticket requests. This Service Ticket can be then used to take control of the domain controller on the final part of the attack. This could be a misconfigured password for a valid user, or it could be an attempt to brute force or guess the password by an outsider. TGTs are used when requesting Ticket Granting Service (TGS) tickets, which means a forged TGT can get us any TGS ticket - hence it's golden. The Distribution center has the ticket-granting server, or TGS, which will connect the user to the service server. To keep up with ongoing technological changes, the digital identity landscape and methods of securing also need to be adaptable. As the name suggests, Set-ADAccountControl is used to modify User Account Control values for an Active Directory domain account. What is a Silver Ticket Attack? The attacker bypasses the initial step of requesting the TGT from the KDC and directly requests a TGS ticket for a service, such as an administrative share or an important database (3). TCP reset attacks can take down internet connection, but TCP RST is also used by some security solutions to automate containment. Threat Model: Abnormal behavior: activity from new geolocation to the organizationHow it works: Any activity that originates outside of known geolocations will trigger this threat model.What it means: Someone attempted to reach into the network through the VPN from a new geolocation.Where it works: VPN. Learn More, Ransomware Attacks in 2021: A Retrospective. Retrieved December 23, 2015. The Golden Ticket attack technique maps to the MITRE ATT&CK Credential Access technique under the sub-technique Steal or Forge Kerberos Tickets. Suspicious Kerberos Service Ticket Request. Previous name: Kerberos golden ticket . Kerberos is built on symmetric-key encryption (shared secrets). A member of our team will be in touch shortly. First, the client sends user informationincluding the client principal name (CPN)to the KDC. Be sure to assign it the longest password in the world and throw that password away. Therefore, to invalidate all TGTs currently in the system, you need to reset the password twice. One-Click Integrations to Unlock the Power of XDR, Autonomous Prevention, Detection, and Response, Autonomous Runtime Protection for Workloads, Autonomous Identity & Credential Protection, The Standard for Enterprise Cybersecurity, Container, VM, and Server Workload Security, Active Directory Attack Surface Reduction, Trusted by the Worlds Leading Enterprises, The Industry Leader in Autonomous Cybersecurity, 24x7 MDR with Full-Scale Investigation & Response, Dedicated Hunting & Compromise Assessment, Customer Success with Personalized Service, Tiered Support Options for Every Organization, The Latest Cybersecurity Threats, News, & More, Get Answers to Our Most Frequently Asked Questions, Investing in the Next Generation of Security and Data, This blog post breaks down the Golden Ticket attack, Deploying Conditional Access for Frictionless Identity Protection, Detecting Unconstrained Delegation Exposures in AD Environment. This analytic looks for the use of Mimikatz command line parameters leveraged to execute pass the ticket attacks. Finally, it probably goes without saying that you need to immediately change the KRBTGT password if you spot any evidence of a Golden Ticket attack in your IT environment. This trusted third-party, called the Kerberos Distribution Center, issues Kerberos tickets to allow clients access to services and network resources based on their privilege level. Download: CrowdStrike CrowdStrike Falcon XDR Data Sheet. Make sure that DCs are well protected by limiting the number of accounts with domain administrator privileges. You must be a registered user to add a comment. Learn More, Varonis named a Leader in The Forrester Wave: Data Security Platforms, Q1 2023. Cloud-native visibility, detection, and response for the hybrid enterprise. Bryan Patton is a Principal Strategic Systems Consultant at Quest Software. Threat actors then use these hashes to create their Golden Ticket and potentially run a Pass the Ticket (PtT) attack, moving laterally within an organizations AD environment, as per the following code. The KDC automatically trusts a TGT that is encrypted with a KDC key. This analytic identifies powershell.exe usage, using Script Block Logging EventCode 4104, related to querying the domain for Service Principal Names. Defend data in Salesforce, Google, AWS, and beyond. But skilled attackers can exploit weaknesses in Kerberos to forge a golden ticket. We believe in what we're doing. There should be the absolute minimum number of Domain Admins, as well as members of other groups that provide logon rights to DCs, such as Print and Server Operators. When the user needs access to resources, they dont have to re-authenticate; their client machine simply sends the TGT along to prove that the user has already been recently authenticated. With this system, the goal is to eliminate the need for multiple credential requests to the user, and instead verifies the users identity and assigns a ticket to the user for access. Golden ticket can also be created offline. How Kerberos authentication normally works A security team has plenty of time to remove the RAT from the users computer and change the users password long before the attacker has time to get a foothold in your organization. As the name suggests, Get-ADUser is used to query for domain users. After Step 2 where an attacker has gained access, they can obtain login credentials for future attacks. This gives the attacker access to any resource on an Active Directory Domain (thus: a "Golden Ticket"). With this kind of immediate notice you will be able to take steps to reset all the passwords, the KRBTGT you need to change twice, invalidate any current Kerberos authentication tokens, and create new tokens for your users. Kerberos Pre-Authentication Flag Disabled with PowerShell. For more information, visit this analytic story. Similarly, a successful Golden Ticket attack gives the hacker access to an organizations entire Active Directory domain. Looking for Kerberos Service Ticket requests using the legacy RC4 encryption mechanism could represent the second stage of a Golden Ticket attack. Leading analytic coverage. Cobalt Strike: Advanced Threat Tactics for Penetration Testers. Otherwise, register and sign in. As an increasing number of companies shift both to the cloud and a remote-first setting, the attack surface has grown beyond the traditional perimeter, with employees logging into company systems using their own devices and networks. The Splunk Threat Research Team (STRT) recommends defenders deploy a comprehensive logging strategy that includes Kerberos events as well as other complementing data sources such as Process and Command-Line, Network Events, local authentication events, application events, etc. Once an attacker obtains a computer certificate by abusing Active Directory Certificate Services in combination with PetitPotam, the next step would be to leverage the certificate for malicious purposes. Ask your questions and join the discussion with our team on the Microsoft Advanced Threat Analytics Tech Community site ! Correlate other security systems with login information (e.g., a user has the KRBTGT account password hash and forges Kerberos ticket-granting tickets). UCF. Sharing best practices for building any app with .NET. What is a Golden Ticket Attack? This type of attack exploits a weakness in the Kerberos authentication protocol, which is commonly used across global digital workforces. Before being able to export tickets. Identity-based security needs to be an integral part of an enterprises cybersecurity strategy as threat actors continue to exploit attack methods like the Golden Ticket attack. Deply, B., Le Toux, V.. (2016, June 5). However, in most cases, they are created with lifespans of 10 years or more, which far exceeds the default values in Active Directory for ticket duration. The attacker will use, Load that Kerberos token into any session for any user and access anything on the network again using the mimikatz application, Train users to recognize bad links (and not to click on them), Limit Admin and Domain Administrator access, Use Admin accounts sparingly and only for approved changes, Install endpoint protection to block attackers from loading modules like mimikatz, Create a choke point for access to your DCs, adding another layer of protection, Create a Terminal Server that can only talk to the DCs, Configure the DCs to only accept administrative connections from that Terminal Server, Share this blog post with someone you know who'd enjoy reading it. The Kerberos communication process follows the below steps: A threat actor with a valid KRBTGT account hash can create a forged Golden Ticket using an open-source tool such as Mimikatz. Mimikatz PassTheTicket CommandLine Parameters. CrowdStrikes CrowdStrike Falcon XDR extends the industry-leading endpoint detection and response (EDR) capabilities and delivers real-time multi-domain detection and orchestrated response to improve threat visibility across the enterprise, accelerate security operations and reduce risk.Download: CrowdStrike CrowdStrike Falcon XDR Data Sheet. Please turn off your ad blocker and refresh the page to subscribe. In a Golden Ticket attack, hackers bypass the KDC and create TGTs themselves to get access to various resources. Golden Ticket attacks are post-exploitation attacks, meaning that the environment needs to be compromised before an attacker carries out the attack. Lets see how this powerful attack unfolds and what you can do to defend your organization. In addition, regularly change your service account passwords, and be sure to pick relatively long passwords to thwart password-guessing and other brute-force attacks. Once attackers have injected the Golden Ticket, they have unfettered network access to the entire domain controller. 444 Castro Street Learn how and why they target this critical feature of your Active Directory environment. Once adversaries compromise a Windows system with the highest privileges, they are able to dump credentials from memory to obtain clear text or hashed passwords. Password spraying is a technique by which adversaries leverage a single password or a small list of commonly used passwords against a large group of usernames to acquire valid account credentials. Cloud-delivered, continuous identity assessment solution designed to uncover vulnerabilities in Active Directory and Azure AD. Finally, the client sends the TGS ticket to the service. A Privilege Attribute Certificate (PAC) contains information about client privileges and enables the service to confirm whether the client is authorized to access the service. To learn more about how to protect your enterprise from identity-based threats, sign up for a free Active Directory assessment here. This hunting analytic leverages Kerberos Event 4769. (2014, November 10). Windows Active Directory domain controllers are responsible for handling Kerberos ticket requests, which are used to authenticate users and grant them access to computers and applications. They might use techniques such as Pass-the-Hash (PtH) because unlike other credential theft attacks, this attack does not require the attacker to crack the password. With deep knowledge and experience in technology, product and project management, Jeff and his teams are responsible for designing and delivering Stealthbits high quality, innovative solutions. SentinelOne leads in the latest Evaluation with 100% prevention. This can be particularly useful for attackers looking to evade detection or create deceptive security logs. In Active Directory, accounts sign in with a username and password, maybe some other form of authentication, and they then get back a Kerberos ticket that contains their authentication token. To do this, an attacker must establish themselves on the network, escalate their privileges, and compromise the DC. Monitor for indications of Pass the Ticket being used to move laterally. This analytic leverages Event Id 4769, A Kerberos service ticket was requested, to identify an unusual TGS request where the Account_Name requesting the ticket matches the Service_Name field. This hunting analytic leverages Event ID 4769. ServicePrincipalNames Discovery with PowerShell. As the backbone of Active Directory authentication, Kerberos is commonly abused by adversaries across the different phases of a breach including initial access, privilege escalation, defense evasion, credential access, lateral movement, etc. Another tip is to set up an alert that will notify the security team whenever a service principal name (SPN) is created or modified, so they can check that all relevant policies were followed. The moniker comes from Roald Dahls bookCharlie and the Chocolate Factory,where a golden ticket is the highly coveted pass that gets its owner into Willy Wonkas tightly guarded candy factory. Monitor for anomalous Kerberos activity, such as malformed or blank fields in Windows logon/logoff events (Event ID 4624, 4634, 4672). Unusual Number of Kerberos Service Tickets Requested. Golden Ticket attacks take advantage of a vulnerability in the Kerberos authentication protocol, which Microsoft has been using as its default authentication protocol ever since Windows 2000. A Kerberos authentication ticket (TGT) was requested to identify one source endpoint trying to obtain an unusual number of Kerberos TGT tickets for non-existing users. Auto-suggest helps you quickly narrow down your search results by suggesting possible matches as you type. Importantly, before sending a TGT, the KDC encrypts it using the password hash for a special account, theKRBTGT account. Both categories are disabled by default and provide six types of events generated only on domain controllers when specific actions occur. In Active Directory networks, Service Principal Names (SPNs) are used to uniquely identify an instance of a network service. Of course, whenever possible, replace regular service accounts withgroup managed service accounts, which provide automatic password management. Encryption protects passwords, prevents ticket tampering, and acts as an additional authentication mechanism. Zero Trust enforcement never trust, always verify aids in protecting AD and identities, and ensures that users have been continuously verified and authorized before gaining access to any data. You can audit Kerberos AS and TGS events for discrepancies. Some commands, such as kerberos::list and kerberos::tgt, are also supported in the Mimikatz module to retrieve all the available Kerberos tickets submitted for the current user session. Advanced data security for your Microsoft cloud. By obtaining the password hash for this account from the Key Distribution Center (KDC), an attacker is able to compromise every account in Active Directory, giving them unlimited and virtually undetectable access to any system connected to the AD network. By using this website, you consent to the use of cookies. The Splunk Threat Research Team is an active part of a customers overall defense strategy by enhancing Splunk security offerings with verified research and security content such as use cases, detection searches, and playbooks. Find out more about the Microsoft MVP Award Program. If the KDC prompts for authentication, the user is valid. The first thing the attacker needs to do is to infiltrate a user account with some malware that gives them access to the PC through a Command and Control network. Abolins, D., Boldea, C., Socha, K., Soria-Machado, M. (2016, April 26). A user account was changed to identify a change performed on a domain user object that disables Kerberos Pre-Authentication. Gain complete visibility for cloud, multi-cloud, or hybrid environments. . In Kerberos environments, referred to as "realms . In addition to those scheduled updates, I strongly advise changing the password every time a human who had the ability to create a Golden Ticket leaves the organization. Learn how or get support. Previous Next. Just like in the book and movie Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, where the name comes from, the attack is a Golden Ticket that allows unlimited access, but instead of a well-guarded candy factory, its to bypass a companys cybersecurity and gain access to its resources, files, computers and domain controllers. [1] Golden tickets enable adversaries to generate authentication material for any account in Active Directory. One way of doing this is to request a Kerberos Ticket Granting Ticket using a tool like Rubeus. This analytic identifies Event Code 4768. Enterprises bolstering their identity-based security trust SentinelOne to reduce their AD attack surface and protect against credential misuse through real-time infrastructure defense. The moniker Golden Ticket hails from Roald Dahls Charlie and the Chocolate Factory, a childrens tale in which a young boy finds a highly-coveted golden ticket pass, granting him access into Willy Wonkas heavily guarded chocolate factory. Consider investing in a third-partyActive Directory monitoringsolution that can provides the clear, detailed reporting you need to spot activity indicative of Golden Ticket attacks. Retrieved January 30, 2020. On November 9, 2021, Microsoft released patches to address two vulnerabilities that affect Windows Active Directory domain controllers: sAMAccountName Spoofing (CVE-202142278) and Domain Controller Impersonation (CVE-202142287). Examples included. APT15 is alive and strong: An analysis of RoyalCli and RoyalDNS. This lab explores an attack on Active Directory Kerberos Authentication. Suspicious Ticket Granting Ticket Request. Once an adversary is able to log on interactively or remotely to a DC, they can use Mimikatz to extract the required information using the following commands: This will output the password hash, as well as the domain name and SID: Now the hacker can create Golden Tickets at will. The name of the Kerberos requests and responses that are seen on the network are also highlighted (such as AS_REQ, AS_RSP, etc.). The event logs on the domain controller also show that system believes the attacker is the Administrator, but the credentials are the one that were spoofed during the Golden Ticket attack. If you've already registered, sign in. All the best, Hayden Hainsworth ( @cyberhayden ) Customer & Partner Experience Program Leader, Cybersecurity Engineering Microsoft Cloud + Enterprise Division. Kerberos provides many benefits that help make authentication secure and convenient. This intelligence can drive our logging requirements as well as content prioritization. You can be anyone (assuming you have their hash), add any account to any group (including highly privileged groups), and for that matter, do anything you want within Kerberos authentication capabilities. Tickets: tokens that serve as a proof of identity. The KRBTGT account's password is used to encrypt and decrypt Kerberos tickets. Before joining Stealthbits - now part of Netwrix, Jeff was a Software Engineer at Wall Street Network, a solutions provider specializing in GIS software and custom SharePoint development. With the appropriate parameters, Set-ADAccountControl allows adversaries to disable Kerberos Pre-Authentication for an account. When threat actors carry out Golden Ticket attacks, they begin by logging onto a domain-joined computer with compromised user credentials and target the Kerberos communication process. Delegate other admin functions to separate accounts. Adversaries who have the KRBTGT account password hash may forge Kerberos ticket-granting tickets (TGT), also known as a golden ticket. KDC key: an encryption key that proves the TGT is valid. Retrieved April 4, 2018. In June 2021, Will Schroeder and Lee Christensen released the whitepaper Certified Pre-Owned: Abusing Active Directory Certificate Services which described scenarios to abuse Microsofts PKI implementation called Active Directory Certificate Services. In this case, the DFIR team investigated the alert and identified this incident to be the result of an advanced attacker leveraging a golden ticket in their environment. We help security teams around the globe strengthen operations by providing tactical guidance and insights to detect, investigate and respond against the latest threats. Also limit the number of servers a domain administrator logs into, and delegate administrative privileges to custom administrator groups. Typically, on a regular Windows endpoint, only the lsass.exe process is the one tasked with connecting to the Kerberos Distribution Center to obtain Kerberos tickets. This analytic leverages Event Id 4781, The name of an account was changed and event Id 4768 A Kerberos authentication ticket (TGT) was requested to correlate a sequence of events where the new computer account on event id 4781 matches the request account on event id 4768. Retrieved December 1, 2017. With attacks targeting the digital identity surface increasing, it is important for enterprise security teams to understand common attack vectors and tactics affecting their scope of risk. Kerberos Pre-Authentication Flag Disabled in UserAccountControl. Red teams and adversaries alike may use the Pass the Ticket technique using stolen Kerberos tickets to move laterally within an environment, bypassing normal system access controls. Its incredibly difficult to clean up after a Golden Ticket is created for your domain. Step 4. This blog post breaks down the Golden Ticket attack, an identity-based attack that exploits weaknesses in the Kerberos authentication protocol. However, the analogy breaks down in one important way: While Charlie and the other children with golden tickets were (mostly) escorted around the candy factory under close supervision, a successful Golden Ticket attack gives the hacker nearly unfettered access to everything in your domain, including all computers, files, folders and domain controllers (DCs). The analytic story presented in this blog post groups detection use cases in which the Kerberos protocol is abused. Windows PowerView Constrained Delegation Discovery. Please visit our Privacy Statement for additional information, Golden ticket attacks: How they work and how to defend against them. MITRE ATT&CK and ATT&CK are registered trademarks of The MITRE Corporation. Kerberos Attack: How to Stop Golden Tickets? A TGS ticket is created for each service that the client (with a valid TGT) wants to access. Engaging in Kerberos attack techniques will also leave an audit trail in other data sources. ), Routinely update the KRBTGT password twice. Certain attacks point to more than one dataset as we simulate the same technique in more than one way to enhance detection resilience. The past few years especially have accelerated these changes as organizations adjusted their operations to support a sudden uptick in remote work. Kerberos is an authentication protocol widely used in modern Windows domain environments. Details about the counterfeit ticket (e.g., the account that the adversary is masquerading as), What resources were used to access the counterfeit ticket. A golden ticket enables the attacker to create a fake domain administrator identity to gain access to any service on a domain. Instead, theKerberos Key Distribution Center (KDC)functions as a trusted third-party authentication service. According to the MITRE ATT&CK framework, these attacks involve the use of a Golden Ticket which, in this case, is a forged Kerberos ticket-granting ticket (TGT) to generate ticket granting service (TGS) tickets for any account in Active Directory.
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